Kupangidwa kwa zinyalala ndi zovuta komanso zovuta kuchitira. The treatment methods mainly include oxidation, adsorption, membrane separation, flocculation, biodegradation, etc.
Njirazi zimakhala ndi zabwino komanso zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wabwino ukhale wogwira ntchito mozama kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kaboni ndi kasitomala ochepa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kaboni ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri okhazikika okha.